In a former gold mine in Lead, S.D., an underground research facility is being renovated for a major experiment that, when completed in two years, would be the most sensitive dark-matter detector ever produced, capable of detecting collisions between galactic dark matter and regular matter within an unprecedented range.
Dark matter accounts for 85% of all matter. It affects the motion of galaxies, bends light, and influences the very structure of the universe. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment (which stands for Large Underground Xenon and ZonEd Proportional scintillation in Liquid Noble gases) will be conducted in the Davis Cavern at Sanford Underground Research Facility, or SURF, which is shielded from cosmic background radiation by nearly a mile of rock.
Architects and engineers with LEO A DALY designed the renovations to Davis Cavern at the same time as LZ’s team of 220 scientists finalized the design of the experimental apparatus itself. LZ holds 10 tons of liquid xenon, making it about 30 times larger and 100 times more sensitive than a previous LUX experiment that SURF conducted between 2012 and 2016.
“The level of coordination and flexibility required, in a tight underground space, with parameters constantly evolving, and with extraordinary safety and cleanliness considerations, made this one of the most challenging and exhilarating projects we’ve ever done,” said Steven Andersen, a senior architect and project manager with LEO A DALY in Minneapolis.
LZ was selected by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. National Science Foundation as one of the three G2 (for Generation 2) dark matter experiments. In February 2017, the project passed a DOE review and approval stage known as “Critical Decision 3,” which accepted the final design and formally launched construction.
When this renovation and new installations are completed in 2020, the LZ experiment will be 30 times larger and 100 times more sensitive than a previous dark-matter experiment that took place between 2012-2016. Image: SURF, courtesy of LEO A DALY
The experiment—which will take place on the Davis Campus that’s 4,850 feet below ground level—is a collaboration among scientists and engineers from 37 institutions in the U.S., United Kingdom, Portugal, Russia, and Korea. It is one of the few second-generation projects investigating the theory that dark matter is made up of weakly interactive massive particles (WIMPS). Direct detection of WIMPS would be a major discovery in this field.
John Keefner, underground operations engineer with SURF, said in a prepared statement that planning for this experiment started even before LUX was built. “We’re finally at the point where we can begin to refit the cavern and existing infrastructure to all for the installation of LZ.”
The renovation includes removing an existing cleanroom, tearing down a wall between two former low-background counting rooms, installing a new hoist system, building a work deck and modifying the water tank itself to accommodate the larger cryostat. A wall in the lower level of Davis Cavern will be removed to make way for four compressors that will be used for emergency xenon storage recovery. Other renovations include a radon reduction room and a xenon storage room.
This renovation work is being handled by Ainsworth Benning Construction, and will include updates to the cavern’s plumbing, electrical and ventilations systems, after which the scientists can begin installing the experiment itself. This work is complicated by the fact that on the other side of the cavern is the entrance to the Majorana Demonstrator Project, another sensitive experiment that requires an extremely clean environment.
Related Stories
| Jun 11, 2014
Bill signing signals approval to revitalize New Orleans’ convention center corridor
A plan to revitalize New Orleans' Convention Center moves forward after Louisiana governor signs bill.
| May 30, 2014
Developer will convert Dallas' storied LTV Building into mixed-use residential tower
New Orleans-based HRI Properties recently completed the purchase of one of the most storied buildings in downtown Dallas. The developer will convert the LTV Building into a mixed-use complex, with 171 hotel rooms and 186 luxury apartments.
| May 21, 2014
Gehry unveils plan for renovation, expansion of Philadelphia Museum of Art [slideshow]
Gehry's final design reorganizes and expands the building, adding more than 169,000 sf of space, much of it below the iconic structure.
| May 6, 2014
'Ugliest building in New Jersey' finally getting facelift
After a decade of false starts and mishaps, the American Dream mall in the Meadowlands may finally get built.
| Apr 16, 2014
Upgrading windows: repair, refurbish, or retrofit [AIA course]
Building Teams must focus on a number of key decisions in order to arrive at the optimal solution: repair the windows in place, remove and refurbish them, or opt for full replacement.
| Apr 11, 2014
ULI report documents business case for building healthy projects
Sustainable and wellness-related design strategies embody a strong return on investment, according to a report by the Urban Land Institute.
| Mar 25, 2014
Sydney breaks ground on its version of the High Line elevated park [slideshow]
The 500-meter-long park will feature bike paths, study pods, and outdoor workspaces.
| Mar 24, 2014
Frank Lloyd Wright's S.C. Johnson Research Tower to open to the public—32 years after closing
The 14-story tower, one of only two Wright-designed high-rises to be built, has been off limits to the public since its construction in 1950.
| Feb 26, 2014
Adaptive reuse project brings school into historic paper mill
The project features nontraditional classrooms for collaborative learning, an arts and music wing, and a technologically sophisticated global resource center.
Sponsored | | Feb 20, 2014
Chicago’s historic Wrigley Building renovated to attract tech companies
Purchased in 2011 by a consortium of investors led by BDT Capital Partners, the building’s new owners have recently renovated and reimagined the next life for this architectural landmark—as a hub for tech firms.
