The historic legislation makes New York the first city in the world to place hard limits on the emissions of large buildings, and it has been touted by supporters as being the most ambitious climate legislation enacted by any city to date.
For building owners, the new laws mean new requirements for everything from building emissions to roof materials, and while some of the changes go into effect years in the future, others start as soon as this fall. The time to become familiar with the new rules is now, as achieving compliance may take substantial advance planning and budgeting, and, especially for older buildings, no small measure of ingenuity.
What Is the Most Important Thing to Know about the New Legislation?
The centerpiece of the Climate Mobilization Act is Local Law 97 of 2019, which requires certain large buildings in the city to drastically cut carbon emissions to meet successively lower targets, beginning in 2024. More about that later. What owners should focus on first is Local Law 92 and Local Law 94, which go into effect much sooner (November 2019) and apply to more buildings (nearly all of them).
Local Laws 92 and 94 mandate that roofs on new construction, new roofs resulting from the expansion of existing buildings, and roofs undergoing complete replacement – including the roof deck – be covered with either solar panels or a green (vegetated) roof system. Replacing the entire existing roof deck or roof assembly will trigger compliance with these new laws. Although exceptions are granted for Fire Code compliance access, small terraces, recreational spaces, and areas housing rooftop equipment, 100 percent of the remaining roof areas are now considered “sustainable roofing zones” and must be equipped with a solar photovoltaic system or a vegetated roof assembly – or both.
Steep-slope roofs are exempt from the green roof requirement, but if they can accommodate at least 4kW electricity generating capacity, they must have solar panels. Historic buildings subject to Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) regulations are NOT exempt from Local Laws 92 and 94, but the proposed assembly must first be approved by the LPC before being submitted to the DOB for permit approval.
For all buildings, roof areas unfavorable to either a vegetated or a photovoltaic assembly, as in cases where the building structure cannot support the added weight, may receive an exemption.
Even for some roof projects that don’t involve full roof assembly or roof deck replacement, the law increases solar reflectance requirements for low-slope roofs and establishes minimum solar reflectance for steep-slope roofs. Certain materials, including glass, metal, clay, and concrete tile, are exempt, as are small roofs and minor setbacks. However, the requirements for solar reflectance are not only more stringent, they apply to many more buildings and roof types than in the past.
For building owners, this means that imminent roof assembly and roof deck replacements, as well as building expansions and new construction projects, need to comply with Local Laws 92 and 94. Solar arrays and green roofs may require structural modifications to accommodate the additional weight, so owners should factor this into their budgeting and timeline.
While both types of assemblies can mean long-term energy cost savings, the up-front expense, as compared with traditional roof systems, can be substantially greater. Owners planning expansions, roof replacements that include the roof deck, or new construction should start preparing now for the new design considerations and address any obstacles to compliance.
Projects with construction documents approved on or after November 15, 2019 will be subject to the new requirements.
What Is All the Buzz about Emissions?
Replacing New York’s heat-absorbing, impermeable roofs with the improved stormwater management, habitat creation, thermal regulation, and electricity-generating capacity of vegetated and solar assemblies is a big boon to the environment. Still, the real showpiece of the Climate Mobilization Act is the mandate to drive down the emissions of the city’s biggest polluters: large buildings.
According to the Urban Green Council, buildings larger than 25,000 square feet represent just 2% of the city’s building stock yet account for up to half of all building emissions. Since buildings are responsible for nearly 70% of overall carbon emissions, driving down emissions from the worst offenders will substantially contribute to meeting the city’s climate goals.
Local Law 97 of 2019, along with the related amendments in Local Law 147, requires buildings over 25,000 square feet – or two or more buildings on the same tax lot exceeding 50,000 total square feet – to cut carbon emissions 40% overall by 2030 and 80% by 2050.
Buildings with rent-regulated units and other types of affordable housing, as well as houses of worship, are exempt from the cap, though they must implement a set of prescriptive energy-saving measures. Non-profit healthcare facilities, including hospitals, can apply for a percent reduction in the emissions limit.
Emissions targets are based on NYC Building Code occupancy groups, with mixed-use facilities having limits that reflect the balance of space usage. The law establishes two compliance phases, with an initial period of 2024-2029 and significantly more stringent emissions limits after 2030. The newly established Office of Building Energy and Emissions Performance (OBEEP) at the NYC Department of Buildings is charged with updating and enforcing these requirements.
Carbon offsets, renewable energy credits (RECs), and carbon trading are included in the law as alternate compliance options and may help building owners meet the emissions targets as they work to implement necessary upgrades. Hardship waivers, as well as emissions limit adjustments for buildings facing outsized emissions reductions, are also included in the legislation to ease the way forward in challenging circumstances.
Still, penalties are steep. Exceeding the emissions cap will cost building owners $268 for each metric ton over the limit, annually. Failure to file a report incurs a fine of 50 cents per building square foot per month, and a report found to be false constitutes a misdemeanor and carries a $500,000 fine. All of which is to say, the law has teeth.
How Are Owners Going to Pay for This?
In early July 2019, NYC legislators tripled the property tax abatement for green roofs from $5.23/sf to $15/sf and extended the abatement to 2024 (see NY State Senate Bill S5554B). That will help owners recoup some of the cost of green roofs mandated by Local Laws 92 and 94.
Local Law 96 establishes a sustainable energy loan program, Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE), to provide low-interest, fixed-rate loans for renewable energy systems and efficiency retrofits. Tied to a property, rather than to an owner, the repayment obligation is transferrable when a property changes ownership, so those planning to sell a property before energy savings recoup initial costs can still implement upgrades.
What Else Is Included in the Climate Mobilization Act?
Besides the green/solar roof mandate, the building emissions cap, and the PACE program, the legislative package also includes Local Law 95, which changes the way Energy Efficiency Grades for buildings are determined. Many more buildings will now be labeled with a grade of D, the lowest, though a few more may now see an A grade under the new distribution.
Also included are Local Law 98, establishing design and maintenance standards for large wind turbines, and Local Law 99, a mandate to evaluate the feasibility of replacing in-city, gas-fired power plants with battery storage systems powered by renewable energy sources.
To improve availability of information on vegetated roofs, Local Law 93 requires the NYC Office of Alternative Energy to post green roof resources on its website.
What Should Building Owners Do Now?
Look for Energy Leaks. Before investing in expensive HVAC overhauls to drive down emissions, owners should conduct an assessment of the building enclosure to determine where performance improvements can be made. Upgrading heating and air conditioning before making changes to windows, exterior doors, roofs, and other building envelope systems may mean spending more on oversized HVAC equipment that’s not really needed. If heating and cooling are literally going out the window, the system must work harder to keep the building comfortable.
Factor in New Green/Solar Roof Requirements. For those planning roof assembly or roof deck replacements, building expansions, or new construction projects, the new roof may need to comply with the mandate on vegetated and/or solar photovoltaic assemblies. Owners should check with a design professional to determine what may be required.
Investigate Financing Options and Incentives. To determine what options are available to cover the cost of mandated upgrades, owners can begin exploring PACE financing, green roof tax abatements, and other incentives.
Keep Abreast of Changes in the Law. As the new Office of Building Energy and Emissions Performance is established, new guidelines and clarifications will likely be issued. The best thing owners can do at this point is to stay in contact with their architect/engineer, energy consultant, and financial and legal advisors to keep tabs on how the evolving Climate Mobilization Act will impact their buildings.
Resources
NYC Council web page on the Climate Mobilization Act: https://council.nyc.gov/data/green/
NYC Office of Sustainability FAQs on Local Laws 92 & 94: https://be-exchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/20191001-LL92.94-Sustainable-Roofs.pdf
Building Energy Exchange Climate Mobilization Act Overview: https://be-exchange.org/insight/the-climate-mobilization-act-int-1253/
Urban Green Council guide to NYC Building Emissions Law: https://www.urbangreencouncil.org/content/projects/all-about-nycs-historic-building-emissions-law
New York City Retrofit Accelerator: https://retrofitaccelerator.cityofnewyork.us/
For more information, contact Hoffmann Architects at (800) 239-6665 or visit www.hoffarch.com.
Founded in 1977, Hoffmann Architects specializes in the rehabilitation of the building envelope. The firm’s work focuses on the exteriors of structures, resolving deterioration within parking garages, facades, roofs, windows, plazas, and historic/landmark structures. Our technical professionals investigate and correct damage resulting from time and weather, substandard construction, design defects, material failures, poor workmanship, structural movement, and stress.
Material provided in this bulletin is for informational purposes. Before taking action, consult a design professional.
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